An Intro to Cloud Computing

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# <svg aria-label="Cloud" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Cloud</title><path d="M537.6 226.6c4.1-10.7 6.4-22.4 6.4-34.6 0-53-43-96-96-96-19.7 0-38.1 6-53.3 16.2C367 64.2 315.3 32 256 32c-88.4 0-160 71.6-160 160 0 2.7.1 5.4.2 8.1C40.2 219.8 0 273.2 0 336c0 79.5 64.5 144 144 144h368c70.7 0 128-57.3 128-128 0-61.9-44-113.6-102.4-125.4z"/></svg> An Intro to Cloud Computing

<br>

<span style = 'font-size: 130%;'>Sam Csik | Data Training Coordinator</span>

National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis<br>

<br>

<span style = 'font-size: 130%;'>Master of Environmental Data Science | Spring 2021</span>

Slides & source code available on [<svg aria-label="GitHub" role="img" viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;width:0.97em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>GitHub</title><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg>](https://github.com/UCSB-MEDS/cloud-computing)

---
class: inverse, middle, center

## <svg aria-label="Cloud" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Cloud</title><path d="M537.6 226.6c4.1-10.7 6.4-22.4 6.4-34.6 0-53-43-96-96-96-19.7 0-38.1 6-53.3 16.2C367 64.2 315.3 32 256 32c-88.4 0-160 71.6-160 160 0 2.7.1 5.4.2 8.1C40.2 219.8 0 273.2 0 336c0 79.5 64.5 144 144 144h368c70.7 0 128-57.3 128-128 0-61.9-44-113.6-102.4-125.4z"/></svg> What is cloud computing?

The buzzword we all hear, but maybe don't quite understand

---
### Cloud computing is a lot of things...

<span style = 'font-size: 85%;'>*...but generally speaking:*</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 85%;'><svg aria-label="WiFi" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>WiFi</title><path d="M634.91 154.88C457.74-8.99 182.19-8.93 5.09 154.88c-6.66 6.16-6.79 16.59-.35 22.98l34.24 33.97c6.14 6.1 16.02 6.23 22.4.38 145.92-133.68 371.3-133.71 517.25 0 6.38 5.85 16.26 5.71 22.4-.38l34.24-33.97c6.43-6.39 6.3-16.82-.36-22.98zM320 352c-35.35 0-64 28.65-64 64s28.65 64 64 64 64-28.65 64-64-28.65-64-64-64zm202.67-83.59c-115.26-101.93-290.21-101.82-405.34 0-6.9 6.1-7.12 16.69-.57 23.15l34.44 33.99c6 5.92 15.66 6.32 22.05.8 83.95-72.57 209.74-72.41 293.49 0 6.39 5.52 16.05 5.13 22.05-.8l34.44-33.99c6.56-6.46 6.33-17.06-.56-23.15z"/></svg> Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand computer resources over the internet (i.e. "the cloud")</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 85%;'><svg aria-label="Server" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Server</title><path d="M480 160H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32V64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm112 248H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32v-64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm112 248H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32v-64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24z"/></svg> "The Cloud" isn't just an invisible entity -- it's powered by a network of data centers, found globally, which house the hardware (servers), power and backup systems, etc. These data centers and infrastructure are managed by  cloud providers</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 85%;'><svg aria-label="Dollar Sign" role="img" viewBox="0 0 288 512" style="height:1em;width:0.56em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Dollar Sign</title><path d="M209.2 233.4l-108-31.6C88.7 198.2 80 186.5 80 173.5c0-16.3 13.2-29.5 29.5-29.5h66.3c12.2 0 24.2 3.7 34.2 10.5 6.1 4.1 14.3 3.1 19.5-2l34.8-34c7.1-6.9 6.1-18.4-1.8-24.5C238 74.8 207.4 64.1 176 64V16c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16h-32c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v48h-2.5C45.8 64-5.4 118.7.5 183.6c4.2 46.1 39.4 83.6 83.8 96.6l102.5 30c12.5 3.7 21.2 15.3 21.2 28.3 0 16.3-13.2 29.5-29.5 29.5h-66.3C100 368 88 364.3 78 357.5c-6.1-4.1-14.3-3.1-19.5 2l-34.8 34c-7.1 6.9-6.1 18.4 1.8 24.5 24.5 19.2 55.1 29.9 86.5 30v48c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h32c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16v-48.2c46.6-.9 90.3-28.6 105.7-72.7 21.5-61.6-14.6-124.8-72.5-141.7z"/></svg> Cloud computing services are typically offered using a "pay-as-you-go" pricing model, which reduces capital expenses</span>

.center[
<img src="media/cloud.png" width="60%" height="60%" />
]

.footnote[
<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Check out this article by Ingrid Burrington in The Atlantic, [Why Amazon's Data Centers are Hidden in Spy Country](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/01/amazon-web-services-data-center/423147/), for some interesting insight into one of the largest cloud provider's data centers.</span>
]

---
### There are a lots of different cloud computing platforms, but the big ones are:

<br>

.center[
<img src="media/cloud_platforms.png" width="80%" height="80%" />
]

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>There are *many* other cloud service providers that offer varying degrees of infrastructure, ease of use, and cost. Check out [DigitalOcean](digitalocean.com), [Kamatera](https://www.kamatera.com/), and [Vultr](https://mamboserver.link/vultr) to start.</span>

---
### Different cloud service and deployment models offer a suite of options to fit client needs

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="Server" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Server</title><path d="M480 160H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32V64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm112 248H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32v-64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm112 248H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32v-64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24z"/></svg> **Service Models:** When you work in "the cloud" you're using resources -- including servers, storage, networks, applications, services, (and more!) -- from a very large resource pool that is managed by you or the cloud service provider. Three cloud service models describe to what extent your resources are managed by yourself or by your cloud service providers.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)</span>  
<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> Platform as a Service (PaaS)</span>  
<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> Software as a Service (SaaS)</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="rocket" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>rocket</title><path d="M505.12019,19.09375c-1.18945-5.53125-6.65819-11-12.207-12.1875C460.716,0,435.507,0,410.40747,0,307.17523,0,245.26909,55.20312,199.05238,128H94.83772c-16.34763.01562-35.55658,11.875-42.88664,26.48438L2.51562,253.29688A28.4,28.4,0,0,0,0,264a24.00867,24.00867,0,0,0,24.00582,24H127.81618l-22.47457,22.46875c-11.36521,11.36133-12.99607,32.25781,0,45.25L156.24582,406.625c11.15623,11.1875,32.15619,13.15625,45.27726,0l22.47457-22.46875V488a24.00867,24.00867,0,0,0,24.00581,24,28.55934,28.55934,0,0,0,10.707-2.51562l98.72834-49.39063c14.62888-7.29687,26.50776-26.5,26.50776-42.85937V312.79688c72.59753-46.3125,128.03493-108.40626,128.03493-211.09376C512.07526,76.5,512.07526,51.29688,505.12019,19.09375ZM384.04033,168A40,40,0,1,1,424.05,128,40.02322,40.02322,0,0,1,384.04033,168Z"/></svg> **Deployment Models:** Cloud deployment models describe the type of cloud environment based on ownership, scale, and access.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> Private Cloud</span>  
<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> Public Cloud</span>  
<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> Hybrid Cloud</span>

---
### Service Models

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> **Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)** provides users with computing resources like processing power, data storage capacity, and networking. IaaS platforms offer an alternative to on-premise physical infrastructure, which can be costly and labor-intensive. In comparison, IaaS platforms are more cost-effective (pay-as-you-go), flexible, and scalable.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>One example of IaaS is [Amazon EC2](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/), which allows users to rent virtual computers on which to run their own computer applications (e.g. R/RStudio).</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> **Platform as a Service (PaaS)** provides developers with a framework and tools for creating unique applications and software. A benefit of SaaS is that developers don't need to worry about managing servers and underlying infrastructure (e.g. managing software updates or security patches). Rather, they can focus on the development, testing, and deploying of their application/software.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>One example of SaaS is [AWS Lambda](https://aws.amazon.com/lambda/), a serverless, event-driven compute service that lets you run code for virtually any type of application or backend service without provisioning or managing servers.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> **Software as a Service (SaaS)** makes software available to users via the internet. With SaaS, users don't need to install and run software on their computers. Rather, they can access everything they need over the internet by logging into their account(s). The software/application owner does not have any control over the backend except for application-related management tasks.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>Some examples of SaaS applications include [Dropbox](https://www.dropbox.com/), [Slack](https://slack.com/), and [DocuSign](https://www.docusign.com/).</span>

---
### <svg aria-label="Pizza Slice" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Pizza Slice</title><path d="M158.87.15c-16.16-1.52-31.2 8.42-35.33 24.12l-14.81 56.27c187.62 5.49 314.54 130.61 322.48 317l56.94-15.78c15.72-4.36 25.49-19.68 23.62-35.9C490.89 165.08 340.78 17.32 158.87.15zm-58.47 112L.55 491.64a16.21 16.21 0 0 0 20 19.75l379-105.1c-4.27-174.89-123.08-292.14-299.15-294.1zM128 416a32 32 0 1 1 32-32 32 32 0 0 1-32 32zm48-152a32 32 0 1 1 32-32 32 32 0 0 1-32 32zm104 104a32 32 0 1 1 32-32 32 32 0 0 1-32 32z"/></svg> An Analogy: Pizza as a Service

<br>

.center[
<img src="media/pizza.png" width="80%" height="80%" />

.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>Image Source: David Ng, Oursky</span>
]

]

???

* Made in House (On-premise): Choose all your pizza ingredients and make it from scratch, you will also want complete control of all the tools in your kitchen: the oven that has the exact settings and capabilities you want, the pizza stone many places don’t have, or let your dough sit overnight at the most optimal corner of your fridge. In real world, sometimes the effort is necessary if you can’t find a service that will let you customize for that one essential deployment setting, such as a firewall configuration or that specific network setting requirements.
* Kitchen as a Service (IaaS): Like buying your own ingredients to prepare exactly the pizza you want, with the specific brands you like. But you don’t have to worry about the oven, rolling pin, whether you counter is big enough, or the pizza cutter. You have absolute control on what pizza you are going to make, but maybe the rental kitchen doesn’t have every type of tool you want.
* Walk in and Bake (PaaS): Like walking into a kitchen with a ready-to-cook package of ingredients. IaaS and PaaS are when you want to make your own pizza, but you don’t need to worry about buying ingredients, prep work, or having the right tools. You can focus on rolling out the dough, assembling the pre-washed ingredients to your taste and factors like size and thickness before sticking it into someone’s provided oven.
* Pizza as a Service (SaaS): enjoy a fully-finished product (pizza) after ordering; you call the pizza delivery so the pizza is already designed, prepared and baked by somebody else and arrives hot and ready to eat.

---
### Deployment Models

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="Bus" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Bus</title><path d="M488 128h-8V80c0-44.8-99.2-80-224-80S32 35.2 32 80v48h-8c-13.25 0-24 10.74-24 24v80c0 13.25 10.75 24 24 24h8v160c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32h192v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32h6.4c16 0 25.6-12.8 25.6-25.6V256h8c13.25 0 24-10.75 24-24v-80c0-13.26-10.75-24-24-24zM112 400c-17.67 0-32-14.33-32-32s14.33-32 32-32 32 14.33 32 32-14.33 32-32 32zm16-112c-17.67 0-32-14.33-32-32V128c0-17.67 14.33-32 32-32h256c17.67 0 32 14.33 32 32v128c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32H128zm272 112c-17.67 0-32-14.33-32-32s14.33-32 32-32 32 14.33 32 32-14.33 32-32 32z"/></svg> **Public Cloud:** The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public over the internet and is owned by a cloud provider. The resources are shared among all users. With this model, users are only billed for the resources they use.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>You can think of the **public cloud** as a **bus** -- it's accessible to everyone and you only pay for your seat/the time you're actually riding it.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="Car" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Car</title><path d="M499.99 176h-59.87l-16.64-41.6C406.38 91.63 365.57 64 319.5 64h-127c-46.06 0-86.88 27.63-103.99 70.4L71.87 176H12.01C4.2 176-1.53 183.34.37 190.91l6 24C7.7 220.25 12.5 224 18.01 224h20.07C24.65 235.73 16 252.78 16 272v48c0 16.12 6.16 30.67 16 41.93V416c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32h256v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-54.07c9.84-11.25 16-25.8 16-41.93v-48c0-19.22-8.65-36.27-22.07-48H494c5.51 0 10.31-3.75 11.64-9.09l6-24c1.89-7.57-3.84-14.91-11.65-14.91zm-352.06-17.83c7.29-18.22 24.94-30.17 44.57-30.17h127c19.63 0 37.28 11.95 44.57 30.17L384 208H128l19.93-49.83zM96 319.8c-19.2 0-32-12.76-32-31.9S76.8 256 96 256s48 28.71 48 47.85-28.8 15.95-48 15.95zm320 0c-19.2 0-48 3.19-48-15.95S396.8 256 416 256s32 12.76 32 31.9-12.8 31.9-32 31.9z"/></svg> **Private Cloud:** The cloud infrastructure and resources are dedicated to a single organization.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>You can think of the **private cloud** as buying your own **car** -- you incur a larger up-front cost, but it's available only for you to use.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="Trailer" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Trailer</title><path d="M624,320H544V80a16,16,0,0,0-16-16H16A16,16,0,0,0,0,80V368a16,16,0,0,0,16,16H65.61c7.83-54.21,54-96,110.39-96s102.56,41.79,110.39,96H624a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V336A16,16,0,0,0,624,320ZM96,243.68a176.29,176.29,0,0,0-32,20.71V136a8,8,0,0,1,8-8H88a8,8,0,0,1,8,8Zm96-18.54c-5.31-.49-10.57-1.14-16-1.14s-10.69.65-16,1.14V136a8,8,0,0,1,8-8h16a8,8,0,0,1,8,8Zm96,39.25a176.29,176.29,0,0,0-32-20.71V136a8,8,0,0,1,8-8h16a8,8,0,0,1,8,8ZM384,320H352V136a8,8,0,0,1,8-8h16a8,8,0,0,1,8,8Zm96,0H448V136a8,8,0,0,1,8-8h16a8,8,0,0,1,8,8Zm-304,0a80,80,0,1,0,80,80A80,80,0,0,0,176,320Zm0,112a32,32,0,1,1,32-32A32,32,0,0,1,176,432Z"/></svg> **Hybrid Cloud:** This model includes aspects of both private and public cloud deployment models -- meaning a company might be using the public cloud but also owns on-premise systems (or private cloud infrastructure) and there is a connection between the two.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>You can think of a **hybrid cloud** as a U-Haul **trailer** -- you have your own vehicle, but need additional, temporary capacity for your move or a road trip.</span>

---
class: inverse, middle, center

### <svg aria-label="Question" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Question</title><path d="M202.021 0C122.202 0 70.503 32.703 29.914 91.026c-7.363 10.58-5.093 25.086 5.178 32.874l43.138 32.709c10.373 7.865 25.132 6.026 33.253-4.148 25.049-31.381 43.63-49.449 82.757-49.449 30.764 0 68.816 19.799 68.816 49.631 0 22.552-18.617 34.134-48.993 51.164-35.423 19.86-82.299 44.576-82.299 106.405V320c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h72.471c13.255 0 24-10.745 24-24v-5.773c0-42.86 125.268-44.645 125.268-160.627C377.504 66.256 286.902 0 202.021 0zM192 373.459c-38.196 0-69.271 31.075-69.271 69.271 0 38.195 31.075 69.27 69.271 69.27s69.271-31.075 69.271-69.271-31.075-69.27-69.271-69.27z"/></svg> Soooo...when should I use cloud computing?

Well, it depends.

---
### It depends on your goals, needs, and budget...but the possibilities are pretty limitless

<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>Basically, anything that you'd want to use a computer for, you can do using cloud computing services:</span>

* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Big data analytics</span> 
* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Cloud storage</span> 
* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Disaster recovery</span> 
* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Data backup</span> 
* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Machine learning</span> 
* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Web and mobile app development</span> 
* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Networking & content delivery</span> 
* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Security & identity management</span> 
* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>and more!</span>

---
class: inverse, middle, center

### <svg aria-label="Amazon Web Services (AWS)" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Amazon Web Services (AWS)</title><path d="M180.41 203.01c-.72 22.65 10.6 32.68 10.88 39.05a8.164 8.164 0 0 1-4.1 6.27l-12.8 8.96a10.66 10.66 0 0 1-5.63 1.92c-.43-.02-8.19 1.83-20.48-25.61a78.608 78.608 0 0 1-62.61 29.45c-16.28.89-60.4-9.24-58.13-56.21-1.59-38.28 34.06-62.06 70.93-60.05 7.1.02 21.6.37 46.99 6.27v-15.62c2.69-26.46-14.7-46.99-44.81-43.91-2.4.01-19.4-.5-45.84 10.11-7.36 3.38-8.3 2.82-10.75 2.82-7.41 0-4.36-21.48-2.94-24.2 5.21-6.4 35.86-18.35 65.94-18.18a76.857 76.857 0 0 1 55.69 17.28 70.285 70.285 0 0 1 17.67 52.36l-.01 69.29zM93.99 235.4c32.43-.47 46.16-19.97 49.29-30.47 2.46-10.05 2.05-16.41 2.05-27.4-9.67-2.32-23.59-4.85-39.56-4.87-15.15-1.14-42.82 5.63-41.74 32.26-1.24 16.79 11.12 31.4 29.96 30.48zm170.92 23.05c-7.86.72-11.52-4.86-12.68-10.37l-49.8-164.65c-.97-2.78-1.61-5.65-1.92-8.58a4.61 4.61 0 0 1 3.86-5.25c.24-.04-2.13 0 22.25 0 8.78-.88 11.64 6.03 12.55 10.37l35.72 140.83 33.16-140.83c.53-3.22 2.94-11.07 12.8-10.24h17.16c2.17-.18 11.11-.5 12.68 10.37l33.42 142.63L420.98 80.1c.48-2.18 2.72-11.37 12.68-10.37h19.72c.85-.13 6.15-.81 5.25 8.58-.43 1.85 3.41-10.66-52.75 169.9-1.15 5.51-4.82 11.09-12.68 10.37h-18.69c-10.94 1.15-12.51-9.66-12.68-10.75L328.67 110.7l-32.78 136.99c-.16 1.09-1.73 11.9-12.68 10.75h-18.3zm273.48 5.63c-5.88.01-33.92-.3-57.36-12.29a12.802 12.802 0 0 1-7.81-11.91v-10.75c0-8.45 6.2-6.9 8.83-5.89 10.04 4.06 16.48 7.14 28.81 9.6 36.65 7.53 52.77-2.3 56.72-4.48 13.15-7.81 14.19-25.68 5.25-34.95-10.48-8.79-15.48-9.12-53.13-21-4.64-1.29-43.7-13.61-43.79-52.36-.61-28.24 25.05-56.18 69.52-55.95 12.67-.01 46.43 4.13 55.57 15.62 1.35 2.09 2.02 4.55 1.92 7.04v10.11c0 4.44-1.62 6.66-4.87 6.66-7.71-.86-21.39-11.17-49.16-10.75-6.89-.36-39.89.91-38.41 24.97-.43 18.96 26.61 26.07 29.7 26.89 36.46 10.97 48.65 12.79 63.12 29.58 17.14 22.25 7.9 48.3 4.35 55.44-19.08 37.49-68.42 34.44-69.26 34.42zm40.2 104.86c-70.03 51.72-171.69 79.25-258.49 79.25A469.127 469.127 0 0 1 2.83 327.46c-6.53-5.89-.77-13.96 7.17-9.47a637.37 637.37 0 0 0 316.88 84.12 630.22 630.22 0 0 0 241.59-49.55c11.78-5 21.77 7.8 10.12 16.38zm29.19-33.29c-8.96-11.52-59.28-5.38-81.81-2.69-6.79.77-7.94-5.12-1.79-9.47 40.07-28.17 105.88-20.1 113.44-10.63 7.55 9.47-2.05 75.41-39.56 106.91-5.76 4.87-11.27 2.3-8.71-4.1 8.44-21.25 27.39-68.49 18.43-80.02z"/></svg> But where are *we* going to start?

Let's learn how to configure and launch an Amazon EC2 instance (i.e. virtual server) that can run R & RStudio!

Cool, cool. What the heck does any of that mean?

---
### What is Amazon EC2?

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) is just one of Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud platform offerings. It allows users to rent virtual, scalable computers on which to run their own computer applications (like R & RStudio).</span>

.center[
<iframe width="520" height="415" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TsRBftzZsQo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
]

---
### How do I set one of those up?

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Most (all?) cloud service providers, including <svg aria-label="Amazon Web Services (AWS)" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#000000;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Amazon Web Services (AWS)</title><path d="M180.41 203.01c-.72 22.65 10.6 32.68 10.88 39.05a8.164 8.164 0 0 1-4.1 6.27l-12.8 8.96a10.66 10.66 0 0 1-5.63 1.92c-.43-.02-8.19 1.83-20.48-25.61a78.608 78.608 0 0 1-62.61 29.45c-16.28.89-60.4-9.24-58.13-56.21-1.59-38.28 34.06-62.06 70.93-60.05 7.1.02 21.6.37 46.99 6.27v-15.62c2.69-26.46-14.7-46.99-44.81-43.91-2.4.01-19.4-.5-45.84 10.11-7.36 3.38-8.3 2.82-10.75 2.82-7.41 0-4.36-21.48-2.94-24.2 5.21-6.4 35.86-18.35 65.94-18.18a76.857 76.857 0 0 1 55.69 17.28 70.285 70.285 0 0 1 17.67 52.36l-.01 69.29zM93.99 235.4c32.43-.47 46.16-19.97 49.29-30.47 2.46-10.05 2.05-16.41 2.05-27.4-9.67-2.32-23.59-4.85-39.56-4.87-15.15-1.14-42.82 5.63-41.74 32.26-1.24 16.79 11.12 31.4 29.96 30.48zm170.92 23.05c-7.86.72-11.52-4.86-12.68-10.37l-49.8-164.65c-.97-2.78-1.61-5.65-1.92-8.58a4.61 4.61 0 0 1 3.86-5.25c.24-.04-2.13 0 22.25 0 8.78-.88 11.64 6.03 12.55 10.37l35.72 140.83 33.16-140.83c.53-3.22 2.94-11.07 12.8-10.24h17.16c2.17-.18 11.11-.5 12.68 10.37l33.42 142.63L420.98 80.1c.48-2.18 2.72-11.37 12.68-10.37h19.72c.85-.13 6.15-.81 5.25 8.58-.43 1.85 3.41-10.66-52.75 169.9-1.15 5.51-4.82 11.09-12.68 10.37h-18.69c-10.94 1.15-12.51-9.66-12.68-10.75L328.67 110.7l-32.78 136.99c-.16 1.09-1.73 11.9-12.68 10.75h-18.3zm273.48 5.63c-5.88.01-33.92-.3-57.36-12.29a12.802 12.802 0 0 1-7.81-11.91v-10.75c0-8.45 6.2-6.9 8.83-5.89 10.04 4.06 16.48 7.14 28.81 9.6 36.65 7.53 52.77-2.3 56.72-4.48 13.15-7.81 14.19-25.68 5.25-34.95-10.48-8.79-15.48-9.12-53.13-21-4.64-1.29-43.7-13.61-43.79-52.36-.61-28.24 25.05-56.18 69.52-55.95 12.67-.01 46.43 4.13 55.57 15.62 1.35 2.09 2.02 4.55 1.92 7.04v10.11c0 4.44-1.62 6.66-4.87 6.66-7.71-.86-21.39-11.17-49.16-10.75-6.89-.36-39.89.91-38.41 24.97-.43 18.96 26.61 26.07 29.7 26.89 36.46 10.97 48.65 12.79 63.12 29.58 17.14 22.25 7.9 48.3 4.35 55.44-19.08 37.49-68.42 34.44-69.26 34.42zm40.2 104.86c-70.03 51.72-171.69 79.25-258.49 79.25A469.127 469.127 0 0 1 2.83 327.46c-6.53-5.89-.77-13.96 7.17-9.47a637.37 637.37 0 0 0 316.88 84.12 630.22 630.22 0 0 0 241.59-49.55c11.78-5 21.77 7.8 10.12 16.38zm29.19-33.29c-8.96-11.52-59.28-5.38-81.81-2.69-6.79.77-7.94-5.12-1.79-9.47 40.07-28.17 105.88-20.1 113.44-10.63 7.55 9.47-2.05 75.41-39.56 106.91-5.76 4.87-11.27 2.3-8.71-4.1 8.44-21.25 27.39-68.49 18.43-80.02z"/></svg> (should) have extensive documentation available online, but fair warning, it can be challenging for newcomers (like myself) to decipher. Below is my *best* attempt at synthesizing that information in a way that I could understand and follow along with.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>I'll demonstrate these steps on my own computer, but you are welcome to [create an AWS account](https://portal.aws.amazon.com/billing/signup#/start/email) to follow along on your computer as well.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>_**Note:** Creating an AWS account does require a credit card, though you are able to access their "Free Tier" services for 12 months after creating your account._</span>

.center[
[Here are my instructions for launching an Amazon EC2 instance to run R & RStudio.](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bxp7OMq1_d1l7sMD7qoh8c8cA0rhYIGx-nr4IchH98E/edit?usp=sharing) If you have suggestions for how to improve these instructions and/or correct any potential misinformation, please [file a issue on GitHub](https://github.com/UCSB-MEDS/cloud-computing/issues).

]

---
class: inverse, middle, center

### <svg aria-label="Code" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Code</title><path d="M278.9 511.5l-61-17.7c-6.4-1.8-10-8.5-8.2-14.9L346.2 8.7c1.8-6.4 8.5-10 14.9-8.2l61 17.7c6.4 1.8 10 8.5 8.2 14.9L293.8 503.3c-1.9 6.4-8.5 10.1-14.9 8.2zm-114-112.2l43.5-46.4c4.6-4.9 4.3-12.7-.8-17.2L117 256l90.6-79.7c5.1-4.5 5.5-12.3.8-17.2l-43.5-46.4c-4.5-4.8-12.1-5.1-17-.5L3.8 247.2c-5.1 4.7-5.1 12.8 0 17.5l144.1 135.1c4.9 4.6 12.5 4.4 17-.5zm327.2.6l144.1-135.1c5.1-4.7 5.1-12.8 0-17.5L492.1 112.1c-4.8-4.5-12.4-4.3-17 .5L431.6 159c-4.6 4.9-4.3 12.7.8 17.2L523 256l-90.6 79.7c-5.1 4.5-5.5 12.3-.8 17.2l43.5 46.4c4.5 4.9 12.1 5.1 17 .6z"/></svg> A use case: leveraging more computing resources to run computationally-intesive processes ~faster~

---
### Slow code is less fun

.center[
.center2[
Big data? Computationally-intensive workflows? Maybe you've been here before...?

<img src="media/sloth.gif" width="100%" height="100%" />
]
]

---
### Consider *parallelization* (aka parallel processing or parallel computing)

<span style = 'font-size: 85%;'>A method where a process is broken up into smaller parts that can then be carried out **simultaneously**, i.e. **in parallel**. Traditionally, software is written for **serial processing**. As a default, **R runs serially**.</span>

.footnote[
<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>The contents of this slide were adapted from [Danielle Ferraro](https://github.com/danielleferraro)'s talk, [A Gentle Introduction to Parallel Processing in R](https://danielleferraro.github.io/rladies-sb-parallel/#1)</span>
]

.pull-left[
Some computer architecture jargon:

.pull-right[
<img src="media/CPU.png" width="100%" height="100%" />
]
---
### Serial vs. Parallel Processing

.center[
<img src="media/processing_diagram.png" width="100%" height="100%" />
]

---
### <svg aria-label="Check" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Check</title><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg> Use parallel processing when:

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="Check" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Check</title><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg> Tasks are [embarrassingly parallel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel) i.e. when your analysis can be separated into many identical but separate tasks that do not rely on one another (e.g. bootstrapping, computations by group)</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>A case where parallel processing is **not** effective:</span>

```r
function(a) { # each step depends on the previous step, so they can't be completed simultaneously
  b <- a + 1
  c <- b + 2
  d <- c + 3
  return(d)
}
```

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="Check" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Check</title><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg> Tasks are computationally intensive and take time to complete</span>

.footnote[
<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>The contents of this slide were adapted from [Danielle Ferraro](https://github.com/danielleferraro)'s talk, [A Gentle Introduction to Parallel Processing in R](https://danielleferraro.github.io/rladies-sb-parallel/#1)</span>
]

### <svg aria-label="Times" role="img" viewBox="0 0 352 512" style="height:1em;width:0.69em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Times</title><path d="M242.72 256l100.07-100.07c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48l-22.24-22.24c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L176 189.28 75.93 89.21c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L9.21 111.45c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48L109.28 256 9.21 356.07c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48l22.24 22.24c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0L176 322.72l100.07 100.07c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0l22.24-22.24c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48L242.72 256z"/></svg> Do not use parallel processing when:

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="Times" role="img" viewBox="0 0 352 512" style="height:1em;width:0.69em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Times</title><path d="M242.72 256l100.07-100.07c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48l-22.24-22.24c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L176 189.28 75.93 89.21c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L9.21 111.45c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48L109.28 256 9.21 356.07c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48l22.24 22.24c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0L176 322.72l100.07 100.07c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0l22.24-22.24c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48L242.72 256z"/></svg> It may not be the right tool for the job (e.g. maybe you're memory limited)</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'><svg aria-label="Times" role="img" viewBox="0 0 352 512" style="height:1em;width:0.69em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Times</title><path d="M242.72 256l100.07-100.07c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48l-22.24-22.24c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L176 189.28 75.93 89.21c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L9.21 111.45c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48L109.28 256 9.21 356.07c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48l22.24 22.24c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0L176 322.72l100.07 100.07c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0l22.24-22.24c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48L242.72 256z"/></svg> It may not be efficient. There is computational overhead for setting up, maintaining, and terminating multiple processors -- for small processes, the overhead cost may be greater than the speedup</span>

---
### Implementation & R packages for parallelization

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>How you implement parallelization is operating system-dependent:</span>

* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>There are two ways code can be parallelized: **forking** vs. **sockets**</span>
    * <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>**Forking** is faster, but doesn't work on Windows and *may* cause problems in IDEs</span>
    * <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>**Sockets** are a bit slower, but work across operating systems and in IDEs</span>
    
.footnote[
<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>The contents of this slide were adapted from [Danielle Ferraro](https://github.com/danielleferraro)'s talk, [A Gentle Introduction to Parallel Processing in R](https://danielleferraro.github.io/rladies-sb-parallel/#1)</span>
]

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>There are a number of different approaches for parallelization in R, but they use either the `parallel` package (a base R package) or `future` package (a newer and bit friendlier package) as a *backend*.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>We'll cover the following packages:</span>

* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>**`parallel`**, which supplies parallel versions of the base R `apply()` functions and can be implemented using either forking (Unix/Linux) or sockets (any OS)</span>
* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>**`foreach`**, which enables the use of `for` loops in parallel and can be implemented using either forking (Unix/Linux) or sockets (any OS); the `foreach` package is used inconjunction with either `doParallel` or `doFuture`, which allows users to choose their desired backend (i.e. `parallel` vs. `future`)</span>

.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Check out Danielle Ferraro's, talk [A Gentle Introduction to Parallel Processing in R](https://danielleferraro.github.io/rladies-sb-parallel/#1) to learn more about the `furrr` and `future.apply` packages, which provide parallel versions of `purrr:map()` and base R `apply()` functions, respectively, both using `future` as a backend.</span>
]

---
### What does this have to do with that Amazon EC2 instance we created??

.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>While we configured and launched a "Free Tier" instance ~ which includes only 1 core ☹️~ you can configure much more powerful instances (with up to 48 cores) to run parallelized code.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>For demonstration purposes, we'll practice parallelizing code on our own multi-core computers (which are still incredibly powerful!).</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>To get started, open up RStudio and create a new RMarkdown (.Rmd) file. You can follow along with me and/or reference the [parallel_processing_KEY.md](https://github.com/UCSB-MEDS/cloud-computing/blob/main/R/parallel_processing_KEY.md) file.</span>
]